Deep-Sea Sounds Explained
Imagine descending thousands of feet beneath the ocean’s surface in a small research submersible.
At first, the deep sea seems like the quietest place on Earth. Sunlight fades until the windows reveal nothing but darkness. There are no breaking waves, no wind, no birds, and no human voices. When the submersible’s lights are switched off, the ocean appears completely empty and silent.
Then someone turns on the external hydrophone.
A low mechanical rumble enters the cabin. It may come from a cargo ship traveling many miles away. A long, haunting whale call passes through the water. Sharp clicks appear in irregular bursts, followed by a faint drumming sound made by fish. Somewhere beneath the seafloor, an earthquake or volcanic event may be sending vibrations across an entire ocean basin.
The deep sea was never silent.
It only seemed silent because human ears are poorly adapted to hearing the ocean on its own terms.
The underwater world is filled with biological sounds, geological vibrations, weather-related noise, and a growing layer of human-made sound. Together, these sounds form an underwater soundscape, a kind of acoustic landscape that marine animals use for communication, navigation, feeding, reproduction, and survival.
In this guide, we will explore where deep-sea sounds come from, why sound travels so effectively underwater, how whales and fish use acoustic information, and how shipping, sonar, offshore construction, and seismic surveys are changing the natural soundscape of the ocean.
Is the Deep Sea Actually Quiet?
The deep ocean is far removed from highways, cities, airports, and most human settlements. It is therefore easy to imagine it as a place of permanent silence.
Marine scientists see it differently.
Every ocean region has its own characteristic marine soundscape. This soundscape is created by three broad categories of sound:
- Biophony: sounds produced by living organisms
- Geophony: sounds produced by waves, storms, ice, earthquakes, and other natural processes
- Anthrophony: sounds generated by ships, sonar, construction, drilling, and other human activities
A hydrophone recording from a tropical reef may contain thousands of rapid snaps from shrimp. A recording from the open North Atlantic may be dominated by low-frequency shipping noise and baleen whale calls. Near Antarctica, cracking ice and moving icebergs may become major parts of the acoustic environment.
This means the ocean is not divided into places that have sound and places that do not. Instead, each marine habitat has a distinctive acoustic signature shaped by biology, geology, weather, season, depth, and human activity.
Scientists can use these soundscapes to determine which animals are present, when they migrate, whether fish are spawning, how frequently ships pass through an area, and whether underwater construction or exploration is taking place.
In that sense, a hydrophone acts like an acoustic surveillance camera—except it can detect activity far beyond the range of ordinary underwater photography.
Why Does Sound Travel So Well Underwater?
Light and sound behave very differently in the ocean.
Sunlight is rapidly absorbed and scattered by seawater. Red wavelengths disappear first, followed by orange, yellow, and eventually most visible light. Below roughly 1,000 meters, the ocean is almost entirely dark except for bioluminescence and artificial light.
Sound, however, can travel for much greater distances.
Sound is a pressure wave that moves through matter by transferring vibration from one particle to another. Because water is much denser than air and its molecules are packed more closely together, acoustic energy travels faster and often more efficiently through water.
The speed of sound in seawater is typically around 1,500 meters per second—more than four times faster than in air. The exact speed changes depending on three major factors:
- Water temperature
- Salinity
- Pressure
Warmer water generally allows sound to travel faster. Greater pressure at depth also increases sound speed. These changing conditions cause sound waves to bend, reflect, scatter, and sometimes become trapped in particular layers of the ocean.
For animals living in darkness, this makes sound one of the most reliable sources of environmental information.
Whales use it to communicate across wide distances. Dolphins and sperm whales use returning echoes to locate prey. Fish use sound to find spawning grounds, maintain social groups, defend territory, and detect predators.
In the deep sea, sound is not merely background noise. It is a primary sensory system.
The SOFAR Channel: A Natural Underwater Sound Highway
One of the most important concepts in ocean acoustics is the SOFAR channel, short for Sound Fixing and Ranging channel.
The speed of sound in the ocean does not change in a straight line with depth.
Near the surface, water temperature usually decreases as depth increases. Colder water slows sound down. Farther below, however, increasing pressure begins to have a stronger effect and causes sound speed to rise again.
Between these two zones is a layer where sound speed reaches a minimum.
Sound waves entering this layer are repeatedly refracted, or bent, back toward the center of the channel. Instead of escaping upward toward the surface or downward toward the seafloor, the sound remains partially trapped and travels horizontally.
The result is a natural acoustic corridor capable of carrying low-frequency sound over enormous distances.
Depending on the region, the SOFAR channel may occur several hundred to more than 1,000 meters below the surface. Hydrophones placed near this depth can detect distant whale calls, underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and other strong acoustic events.
During the twentieth century, researchers and military organizations recognized that sounds could sometimes cross entire ocean basins through this channel. Today, the same physical principle helps scientists monitor marine mammals, map geological activity, and study large-scale changes in ocean conditions.
A useful way to imagine the SOFAR channel is as an invisible underwater tunnel. Sound entering the tunnel loses less energy than it would while spreading freely through the ocean.
Where Do Deep-Sea Sounds Come From?
Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and the Moving Seafloor
The seafloor is constantly changing.
Tectonic plates pull apart, collide, and slide past one another. Magma moves beneath underwater volcanoes. Faults rupture, sediment collapses, and submarine landslides move enormous volumes of material.
These events create vibrations that enter the water as low-frequency acoustic signals.
Hydrophone networks can detect such signals far from their source. This is particularly useful in remote areas such as mid-ocean ridges, where direct observation is difficult and expensive.
By analyzing the arrival time, frequency, intensity, and duration of underwater signals, researchers can estimate where an event occurred and what type of geological process may have produced it.
Ocean acoustics therefore contributes not only to marine biology but also to seismology, volcanology, and natural-hazard monitoring.
Waves, Storms, Rain, and Ice
Even the deepest ocean can carry acoustic traces of events taking place at the surface.
Wind creates waves. Breaking waves push air bubbles into the water, producing broad bands of sound. Heavy rainfall creates countless small impacts on the surface. Tropical storms can dramatically raise underwater background noise across large areas.
In polar regions, ice creates an entirely different soundscape.
Sea ice rubs, bends, cracks, and fractures. Glaciers release icebergs, while large blocks of ice collide or scrape against the seafloor. These events can generate powerful sounds that travel long distances underwater.
Long-term hydrophone records can therefore reveal seasonal weather patterns, storm activity, ice movement, and changes in polar environments.
Snapping Shrimp: One of the Ocean’s Loudest Small Animals
Some of the most surprisingly intense biological sounds are produced by snapping shrimp.
These shrimp have one oversized claw that closes at extremely high speed. The rapid movement shoots a jet of water forward, causing local pressure to drop so sharply that a vapor bubble forms.
This process is known as cavitation.
When the bubble collapses, it creates a short but powerful pressure pulse. The result is a sharp snapping sound that the shrimp can use to stun small prey, defend territory, communicate, or discourage predators.
A single snap lasts only a fraction of a second. An entire colony, however, can produce a continuous crackling sound similar to frying bacon or static from an old radio.
In warm, shallow coastal habitats, snapping shrimp may dominate the local soundscape. Their noise can even interfere with underwater communication and sonar systems.
Reported sound levels can appear extremely high, but underwater decibels should never be directly compared with decibels measured in air. The reference pressure used underwater is different, as are the measurement conditions.
For Whales, the Ocean Is a World Built from Sound
Whales do not simply make noises. They live in an acoustic environment.
Baleen whales—including blue whales, fin whales, humpback whales, and right whales—often produce low-frequency calls. Low-frequency sound generally loses less energy over distance than high-frequency sound, making it useful for communication across large expanses of ocean.
These calls may help whales maintain contact, attract mates, coordinate movement, or advertise their presence.
Toothed whales, including dolphins, porpoises, orcas, and sperm whales, often use higher-frequency clicks for echolocation.
An animal produces a click and listens to the returning echo. The time delay reveals how far away an object is. Differences in intensity and frequency can provide information about direction, movement, shape, and possibly even texture.
Echolocation is often compared with shining a flashlight into a dark room. The difference is that the animal sends out sound instead of light and builds a mental image from returning echoes.
For a sperm whale hunting squid in complete darkness, this system is essential. For an orca searching for salmon in murky coastal water, the faint echo returning from a fish may make the difference between a successful hunt and wasted energy.
How Far Can Whale Calls Travel?
There is no single answer.
Transmission distance depends on the whale species, frequency, call intensity, water temperature, depth, seafloor shape, surface conditions, and background noise.
Low-frequency baleen whale calls can sometimes be detected hundreds of miles away under favorable conditions. When those calls interact with deep sound channels such as the SOFAR channel, they may travel even farther.
However, being detectable by a sensitive instrument is not necessarily the same as being biologically useful to another whale. Scientists must distinguish between a faint signal that a computer can identify and a signal that an animal can recognize, interpret, and respond to.
Fish Also Communicate with Sound
Fish are often imagined as silent animals, but many species are active sound producers.
Some fish contract specialized muscles around the swim bladder, creating pulsing or drumming sounds. Others grind teeth, rub bones together, or move fin spines and other body structures.
These sounds serve several purposes.
| Purpose | Acoustic Function | Typical Situation |
|---|---|---|
| Courtship and reproduction | Attracting mates and signaling readiness | Seasonal spawning aggregations |
| Territory defense | Warning rivals to remain outside an area | Nesting sites or shelter protection |
| Group coordination | Maintaining contact and movement patterns | Schooling or nighttime migration |
| Alarm behavior | Responding to predators or disturbance | Sudden threat detection |
| Habitat selection | Identifying reefs and productive coastal areas | Juvenile settlement |
For young fish drifting in open water, the sound of a healthy reef may function like an acoustic beacon. Reef fish, snapping shrimp, and other organisms create a recognizable biological chorus that helps larvae locate suitable habitat.
When human-made noise masks these cues, juvenile fish may have more difficulty selecting the right place to settle.
This is one reason ocean noise is not simply an issue for whales. It may influence entire marine communities, including fish reproduction, predator avoidance, habitat selection, and food-web interactions.
Natural Sound and Human-Made Underwater Noise
The ocean has always been noisy. The concern is not that humans introduced sound into an otherwise silent environment.
The concern is that human activity can alter the soundscape continuously, repeatedly, and across large geographic areas.
| Sound Category | Main Sources | Acoustic Characteristics | Possible Ecological Role or Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biological sound | Whales, dolphins, fish, shrimp | Species-specific rhythms and frequencies | Communication, mating, feeding, navigation |
| Geological sound | Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides | Often low-frequency or impulsive | Natural environmental information |
| Weather sound | Rain, waves, storms, sea ice | Changes with season and weather | Background soundscape |
| Commercial shipping | Engines, propellers, machinery | Persistent, often low-frequency | Communication masking and habitat disturbance |
| Offshore construction | Pile driving, drilling, dredging | Repetitive impacts and vibration | Avoidance, stress, temporary hearing effects |
| Seismic exploration | Air-gun arrays | Powerful repeated pulses | Long-range disturbance potential |
| Active sonar | Naval or research sonar systems | Focused signals at selected frequencies | Behavioral disruption depending on exposure |
Commercial shipping is particularly important because it creates chronic rather than occasional noise.
A storm passes. An earthquake ends. A whale call may last seconds or minutes.
In a major shipping lane, however, engine and propeller noise may be present throughout the day and night.
Why Are Ships So Loud Underwater?
A ship produces sound through several mechanisms.
Diesel engines, generators, pumps, and onboard machinery generate vibration. That vibration can pass through the hull and enter the surrounding water.
Water moving around the hull creates turbulence. The most significant source on many large vessels, however, is propeller cavitation.
As a propeller rotates, pressure drops around the blades. If the pressure becomes low enough, vapor bubbles form. When those bubbles collapse, they create repeated pressure pulses and broadband noise.
This is physically related to the cavitation process used by snapping shrimp, although the scale and machinery are very different.
Propeller damage, poor maintenance, hull fouling, inefficient design, and high vessel speed can increase noise. For that reason, quieter shipping does not necessarily require eliminating maritime trade. Improvements in ship design, maintenance, and operation can reduce underwater radiated noise while also improving fuel efficiency.
Real-World Case: Slower Ships Created a Quieter Habitat for Orcas
The waters of Washington State and British Columbia are home to the endangered Southern Resident killer whale population.
These orcas rely heavily on Chinook salmon. They use echolocation to locate and capture fish, but the region also contains busy shipping routes serving major ports such as Seattle, Tacoma, and Vancouver.
Large vessels produce low-frequency and broadband noise that can reduce the distance over which orcas detect useful echoes.
Voluntary vessel slowdown programs have shown that reducing speed can significantly lower the amount of underwater noise reaching the whales. In one NOAA-supported assessment, most participating commercial ships slowed down, and the underwater noise reaching killer whales was reduced by roughly half.
The lesson is important because it shows that ocean noise is not always an unavoidable side effect of modern life.
A relatively simple change—reducing vessel speed in an ecologically sensitive area—can produce measurable acoustic benefits.
Slower speeds may also reduce the risk of ship strikes and lower fuel use under some operating conditions, although the outcome depends on vessel type, route, and scheduling requirements.
Ship Noise Can Interfere with Feeding
Communication is only one part of the problem.
For an orca searching for fish, the echo returning from prey may be much quieter than the original click. Background noise can cover that weak echo, a process called acoustic masking.
Acoustic masking is similar to trying to hear a friend in a crowded restaurant. The friend may still be speaking clearly, but the surrounding noise reduces the distance over which the message can be understood.
Whales may respond by calling more loudly, changing frequency, repeating calls, spending more time searching, or moving away from the noisy area. These responses require energy.
If a whale must work harder to find the same amount of food, noise becomes an energetic cost. For an endangered population already affected by prey shortages, pollution, and vessel disturbance, that added cost may matter.
A Rare Glimpse of a Quieter Ocean
The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic created an unusual natural experiment.
Shipping, tourism, construction, and other human activities temporarily declined in some regions. Researchers using long-term acoustic monitoring stations were able to compare the quieter period with normal conditions.
At several observation sites, underwater background noise decreased measurably. Some reductions were only a few decibels, but decibels use a logarithmic scale. A small numerical change can represent a meaningful reduction in acoustic energy.
The study reinforced a basic conclusion: a significant portion of the modern ocean soundscape is directly connected to human activity, and some of that sound can be reduced relatively quickly when activity changes.
How Underwater Noise Affects Marine Life
The biological impact of sound cannot be judged by volume alone.
Scientists must also consider:
- Frequency
- Duration
- Repetition rate
- Distance from the source
- Water depth and seafloor structure
- Hearing range of the species
- Whether the animal is feeding, migrating, resting, or reproducing
Acoustic Masking
Acoustic masking occurs when background noise overlaps with an important biological signal.
For whales, it may reduce communication range or interfere with echolocation. For fish, it may hide mating calls, reef cues, predator sounds, or signals from nearby group members.
The signal has not necessarily disappeared. It has become harder to distinguish from the surrounding noise.
Behavioral Changes and Habitat Avoidance
Animals exposed to sudden or intense sound may stop feeding, change direction, dive differently, or move away from the source.
A temporary avoidance response is not always harmful. The concern grows when noise repeatedly drives animals away from important feeding areas, migration corridors, breeding grounds, or nursery habitats.
Stress and Increased Energy Use
Animals may compensate for noise by calling louder, changing frequency, repeating signals, or spending more time searching for food.
These adjustments consume energy.
Over long periods, chronic disturbance may contribute to stress and reduce the energy available for growth, reproduction, immune function, or care of young.
Temporary or Permanent Hearing Effects
Very intense sound exposure at close range may cause temporary hearing shifts or permanent damage.
Potential risk depends on sound level, frequency, exposure duration, and the hearing sensitivity of the animal. Impulsive sounds from pile driving or seismic air guns are acoustically different from continuous shipping noise, so they must be evaluated using different methods.
A Question That Deserves More Thought
While researching this topic, I kept returning to one question: if storms, earthquakes, ice, and snapping shrimp are naturally loud, why should human noise be treated differently?
The answer is not simply that natural sound is good and human sound is bad.
Natural sound is part of an acoustic environment to which marine species have adapted over evolutionary time. It often follows seasonal, geographical, or biological patterns.
Human noise may continue for hours, days, or years in the same location. A shipping lane does not necessarily become quiet when an animal needs to communicate or feed.
The real issue is therefore not whether sound exists, but how widely, how frequently, and for how long it changes the acoustic space on which marine life depends.
One-line tip: When comparing underwater noise levels, always check the frequency, duration, measurement distance, and reference pressure—not just the decibel number.
Hydrophones: How Scientists Listen to the Ocean
A hydrophone is an underwater sensor that converts pressure changes into electrical signals.
Some hydrophones are attached to buoys. Others are anchored on the seafloor, carried by autonomous underwater vehicles, or arranged in large monitoring networks.
When several hydrophones record the same sound, scientists can compare the arrival time at each sensor to estimate the source location.
This approach is known as Passive Acoustic Monitoring, or PAM.
It is called passive because the equipment listens without transmitting sound.
Passive acoustic monitoring can reveal:
- Whale and dolphin presence
- Seasonal migration patterns
- Fish spawning activity
- Vessel traffic
- Seismic and volcanic events
- Ice cracking and iceberg movement
- Offshore construction
- Seismic survey activity
PAM is especially valuable in the deep sea because visibility is poor, animal encounters are unpredictable, and research vessels cannot remain in every location year-round.
A hydrophone can continue listening after the ship and scientists have left.
Passive Monitoring and Active Sonar Are Not the Same
Passive acoustic monitoring listens to sound already present in the environment.
Active sonar, by contrast, transmits a sound pulse and analyzes the returning echo.
| Feature | Passive Acoustic Monitoring | Active Sonar |
|---|---|---|
| Basic method | Listens to existing sound | Sends sound and records echoes |
| Common equipment | Hydrophones, acoustic recorders | Fish finders, multibeam sonar, naval sonar |
| Main strength | Long-term, low-disturbance monitoring | Measures distance, direction, and structure |
| Main limitation | Cannot easily detect silent targets | May affect animals depending on frequency and intensity |
| Common uses | Whale monitoring, ship-noise studies | Seafloor mapping, navigation, target detection |
Multibeam sonar systems send sound in multiple directions and measure how long the echoes take to return from the seafloor. These measurements allow researchers to create detailed three-dimensional maps of underwater terrain.
Such tools are essential for deep-sea exploration, but their use also illustrates an important challenge: sound is both one of our best tools for studying the ocean and one of the environmental pressures that must be carefully managed.
Why Deep-Sea Acoustic Research Matters
It Reveals Animals That Cameras Miss
The deep ocean is vast, dark, and difficult to observe. Cameras can only record what enters a small field of view.
Sound travels farther.
A single hydrophone may detect whales or fish across a much larger area than a camera can monitor.
It Can Help Measure Ecosystem Health
Healthy reefs and coastal habitats often contain complex biological soundscapes.
If fish choruses disappear, shrimp snapping declines, or shipping noise rises sharply, the acoustic record may reveal ecological change before it becomes visually obvious.
In this sense, the soundscape can function like a stethoscope for the ocean.
It Helps Monitor Geological Hazards
Hydrophones can detect earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and underwater landslides in remote regions.
These signals improve understanding of plate tectonics and may contribute to hazard research and early-warning systems.
It Supports Environmental Reviews
Offshore wind development, cable installation, dredging, drilling, and port expansion can all generate underwater noise.
Recording the soundscape before, during, and after a project helps researchers determine how far the noise traveled, whether animals moved away, and how quickly the habitat returned to its previous acoustic condition.
Practical Ways to Reduce Ocean Noise
It is unrealistic to eliminate every human-made sound from the ocean.
Global trade depends on shipping. Sonar is needed for navigation, safety, rescue operations, fisheries research, and seafloor mapping. Offshore infrastructure will continue to expand.
The more practical goal is to reduce unnecessary noise while maintaining essential activities.
Optimize Vessel Speed
Lower speeds can reduce propeller cavitation and underwater radiated noise. Seasonal slowdown programs can focus on whale migration periods or important feeding areas.
Maintain Propellers and Hulls
Damaged propellers and biofouling disrupt water flow and may increase vibration and cavitation.
Routine cleaning and maintenance may improve both acoustic performance and fuel efficiency.
Reroute Traffic Around Sensitive Areas
Moving shipping lanes away from whale feeding grounds, breeding areas, or migration corridors can reduce exposure without stopping maritime traffic entirely.
Use Quieter Construction Methods
Bubble curtains can surround pile-driving sites with a wall of air bubbles that absorbs and scatters some sound energy.
Construction may also be scheduled outside important spawning or migration seasons.
Monitor Marine Mammals in Real Time
Hydrophones can detect whale calls near an active project.
When animals enter a defined safety zone, operators may delay work, reduce power, or temporarily stop sound-producing activity.
Listening to deep-sea sounds is about far more than recording whale calls or measuring noise from passing ships. Hydrophones, sonar systems, autonomous underwater vehicles, and deep-sea cameras allow scientists to observe places where people cannot remain for long, gradually revealing unknown organisms and changes in the seafloor.
Humanity has mapped and photographed the surfaces of the Moon and Mars in remarkable detail, yet large areas of Earth’s own seafloor remain poorly understood. Extreme pressure, permanent darkness, limited communication, and the high cost of operating underwater make deep-sea exploration nearly as difficult as exploring space.
These unexplored regions contain not only unusual ecosystems but also hydrothermal vents, manganese nodules, rare-earth elements, and other potentially valuable resources. Such discoveries could create new scientific and industrial opportunities, but they also raise serious questions about habitat destruction, underwater noise, and the consequences of deep-sea development.
For a broader look at the technologies used to explore the ocean, the life forms still waiting to be discovered, and the hidden value beneath the seafloor, continue with “Deep-Sea Exploration and Unknown Ecosystems: Why We Know Less About the Ocean Than Outer Space ,”
Kori’s Perspective
When we imagine the deep sea, we usually think first about darkness.
Yet darkness does not mean emptiness, and it certainly does not mean silence.
Whale calls, fish drums, shrimp snaps, cracking ice, distant storms, and movements beneath the seafloor all carry information through the water. Marine animals have evolved within this acoustic world for millions of years.
The problem is not that humans use the ocean.
The problem begins when our engines, propellers, sonar systems, and construction equipment become so constant that animals can no longer find enough acoustic space to communicate, hunt, navigate, or rest.
We cannot stop every ship or abandon the technologies used to study and safely operate at sea. But we can design quieter propellers, maintain vessels more carefully, slow down in sensitive habitats, avoid critical seasons, and monitor sound before damage becomes difficult to reverse.
The success of vessel slowdown programs offers a hopeful lesson. Some forms of ocean noise can be reduced without waiting for a revolutionary technology.
The deep sea is not a silent world.
It is a world we are only beginning to hear.
The future of ocean development should therefore be measured not only by how much we can extract, transport, or build, but also by how much room we leave for the voices that were already there.
Deep-Sea Sounds Explained Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. Is the deep sea really noisy?
Yes. The deep sea contains biological sounds produced by whales, fish, and invertebrates, as well as natural sounds from earthquakes, underwater volcanoes, storms, waves, and moving ice. Human-made noise from ships, sonar, offshore construction, and seismic exploration also contributes to the underwater soundscape.
Q2. Why do whales depend so heavily on sound?
Light disappears rapidly in deep or murky water, while sound can travel over much greater distances. Whales use sound to communicate, navigate, locate food, maintain social contact, and detect predators or obstacles. Toothed whales such as dolphins and sperm whales also use echolocation to interpret their surroundings.
Q3. How does ship noise affect marine animals?
Ship noise can mask whale and fish signals, making communication, feeding, reproduction, and habitat selection more difficult. Long-lasting or intense noise may also cause behavioral changes, increased stress, habitat avoidance, and, under certain exposure conditions, temporary or permanent hearing damage.
Deep-Sea Sounds Explained References
- NOAA Fisheries, Ocean Noise
- NOAA Fisheries, Understanding Sound in the Ocean
- NOAA Fisheries, Sounds in the Ocean: Environmental and Anthropogenic
- NOAA Ocean Service, What Is the SOFAR Channel?
- NOAA Fisheries, A Whale’s World of Sound
- NOAA Fisheries, Quiet Sound’s Voluntary Ship Slowdown Reduces Underwater Noise Reaching Killer Whales
- NOAA Fisheries, Why Can’t Killer Whales Find and Capture Food? Is the Ocean Too Noisy?
- NOAA Research, A Rare Glimpse of a Quieter Ocean
- Discovery of Sound in the Sea, What Are Common Underwater Sounds?
- Discovery of Sound in the Sea, Snapping Shrimp
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Autonomous Hydrophone Array
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Multibeam Bathymetry
- International Maritime Organization, Revised Guidelines for the Reduction of Underwater Radiated Noise from Shipping
#DeepSeaSounds #UnderwaterNoise #OceanSoundscape #MarineAcoustics #WhaleCommunication #Hydrophone #SOFARChannel #OceanNoisePollution #DeepSeaExploration #KoriScience
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